Ad hoc networks are decentralized networks that are formed spontaneously in a non-infrastructure environment, allowing devices to communicate with each other dynamically without the need for a fixed infrastructure. These networks are commonly used in situations where a fixed infrastructure is unavailable or impractical, such as in disaster relief operations, military missions, or sensor networks. Ad hoc networks pose unique challenges such as limited bandwidth, high mobility, and dynamic topology management. Researchers in this field focus on developing efficient routing protocols, resource management techniques, and security mechanisms to ensure reliable communication in ad hoc networks.